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Testicular pain caused by orchitis, epididymitis, post-surgical pain, trauma, tumors, hernia, torsion, varicocele, hydrocele or spermatocele usually resolves with treatment of causative condition. Chronic pain despite treatment is difficult to treat. Surgical interventions including orchectomy, epididymectomy or spermatic cord stripping are not always effective at relieving the pain.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that leads to debilitating symptoms including abdominal pain and cramping and changes in bowel movements affecting approximately 1 in 6 people. As causes for this condition continue to evolve, studies have linked visceral hypersensitivity and spinal nociceptor hyperexcitability between the gastrointestinal system and nervous system.

Intractable angina pectoris affects approximately 5% to 15% ofpatients with ischemic healt disease. Current treatment options for refractory angina can be divided into 3 groups: pharmacological, nonpharmacological noninvasive, and invasive. The newest pharmacological treatment option for intractable angina pectoris is ranolazine.

Patients with cervical radicular symptoms may suffer from intractable pain and functional incapacitation despite conservative measures and surgical interventions. Control of the pain even is more difficult to achieve if these types of patients have additional source of pain. Ischemic leg pain in the patients who exhausted all conventional and operative treatment also is difficult to manage.

In the United States, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most commonly performed procedure for surgical treatment of medically-complicated obesity. The prevalence of chronic abdominal pain post RYGB is approximately 33%.

Pelvic congestion syndrome has become increasingly recognized as a cause of chronic pelvic pain. The cause is the presence of varicose veins in the pelvic and lower abdominal quadrants, which can occur as a result of pregnancy or for unknown reason

The patient with a history of Loeys-Dietz syndrome who underwent repair of pectus excavatum with subsequent
chronic chest wall pain underwent an uneventful SCS trial with percutaneous epidural placement of two temporary eight-
electrode leads placed at the level of T3-T4-T5.

Postherpetic neuralgia represents a common neuropathic pain syndrome following an acute outbreak of herpes zoster that is frequently unresponsive to all available conventional treatment modalities. The pharmacologic treatment of postherpetic neuralgia has limited success because of its potential ineffectiveness and potential side-effects.

No specific treatment exists for Lhermitte’s sign or an electric shock-like sensation that extends down the spine and shoots into the limbs lasting just a few seconds elicited during movement of cervical spine, particularly flexion of the neck. This symptom has been reported in various medical-like cervical spondylosis, multiple sclerosis, vitamin B12 deficiency, and pernicious anemia.

Autologous iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) harvest is a common procedure performed at the time of many spinal surgical procedures and associated with morbidity incurred at the harvest site, the most troublesome being chronic donor site pain.